An accurate estimate of the burden and characterization of the transmission dynamics of influenza type A virus is one of the most important health issues globally. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) present as highly evolving pathogens giving rise to highly pathogenic and zoonotic strains, which have greatly affected both poultry and human health. Modern advancements in sequencing platforms have enabled deep sequencing of influenza viral genomes on which phylogenetic-based and mathematical modelling techniques have been applied to understand the viral evolution and phylodynamics. Mathematical models have also been utilised to predict environmental factors driving viral spread within and across hosts species.
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